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1.
Braz. j. infect. dis ; 16(2): 164-169, May-Apr. 2012. tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-622738

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the prevalence and the risk factors for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) among HIV-infected women. METHODS: Cross-sectional study of 494 HIV-infected women in Brazil, between 1998 and 2008. Gynecologic exam was performed, and samples were collected for cervical cytology and for HPV DNA detection. Cervical biopsy was carried out when indicated. HPV infection, CD4 T-lymphocyte count and HIV viral load were compared with cervical histopathology. Univariate and multivariate statistical analyses were performed to evaluate the statistical association of several risk factors. RESULTS: CIN prevalence detected by histopathology was 23.4% (6% of CIN2/3 and 17.4% cases of CIN1). Multivariate analysis confirmed an independent association of CIN with CD4 T-lymphocyte count below 200 cells/mm³ (OR 5.0, 95% CI 2.5-10.1), with a positive detection of HPV DNA (OR 2.0, 95% CI 1.2-3.5), and with age < 34 years old (OR 1.5, 95% CI 1.0-2.4). HIV viral load and antiretroviral use were not independent risk factors for CIN. CONCLUSIONS: Severity of immunosupression, presence of HPV infection and younger age are strong predictors of CIN among HIV-infected women.


Subject(s)
Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Female , Humans , Middle Aged , Young Adult , Uterine Cervical Dysplasia/epidemiology , HIV Infections/complications , Papillomavirus Infections/epidemiology , Uterine Cervical Neoplasms/epidemiology , Biopsy , Brazil/epidemiology , Cross-Sectional Studies , Uterine Cervical Dysplasia/diagnosis , Uterine Cervical Dysplasia/virology , DNA, Viral , HIV Infections/epidemiology , HIV Infections/virology , Polymerase Chain Reaction , Prevalence , Papillomaviridae/genetics , Papillomavirus Infections/diagnosis , Papillomavirus Infections/etiology , Risk Factors , Uterine Cervical Neoplasms/diagnosis , Uterine Cervical Neoplasms/virology , Vaginal Smears , Viral Load
2.
Rev. Assoc. Med. Bras. (1992) ; 57(4): 425-430, jul.-ago. 2011. ilus, tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-597027

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: To detect the frequency and subtypes of HPV in the uterine cervix of HIV-infected women. METHODS: Sample consisted of 288 HIV-infected women, recruited from the public health system of five cities of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Women were seen from August 2003 to August 2008. Cervical samples were collected for cytological analysis and for HPV DNA detection, using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). HPV DNA was classified according to its oncogenic potential in low risk (types 6, 11) and high risk (types 16, 18, 31, 33, 35). Colposcopy was performed, followed by cervical biopsy when necessary. Categorical variables were compared using the Chi-squared test, with a significance level established at the 5 percent level. RESULTS: HPV prevalence was 78.8 percent. Most frequent genotypes were HPV-6 (63.9 percent) and HPV-16 (48.5 percent). High-risk HPV were observed in 70.5 percent of the women; low-risk in 71.4 percent; both high and low-risk HPV were detected in 55.1 percent of the patients. Multiple HPV genotypes were detected in 64.8 percent of the patients; two genotypes in 23.8 percent, and three in 18.9 percent. CONCLUSION: HPV prevalence was high among HIV-infected women. Multiple HPV genotypes were common in samples from the uterine cervix of HIV-infected women.


OBJETIVO: Detectar a frequência e os subtipos do HPV na cérvice uterina de mulheres infectadas pelo HIV. MÉTODOS: A amostra era composta por 288 mulheres infectadas pelo HIV, recrutadas do sistema público de saúde de cinco cidades de Minas Gerais, Brasil. As mulheres foram avaliadas de agosto de 2003 a agosto de 2008. Amostras cervicais foram coletadas para análise citológica e para detecção do HPV DNA, usando a reação em cadeia de polimerase (PCR). O HPV DNA foi classificado de acordo com seu potencial oncogênico em baixo risco (tipos 6,11) e alto risco (tipos 16, 18, 31, 33, 35). Foi realizada colposcopia, seguida de biópsia cervical, quando indicada. Variáveis categóricas foram comparadas usando o teste do quiquadrado, com nível de significância estabelecido de 5 por cento. RESULTADOS: A prevalência do HPV foi 78,8 por cento. Os genótipos mais frequentes foram HPV-6 (63,9 por cento) e HPV-16 (48,5 por cento). Genótipos de HPV de alto risco foram observados em 70,5 por cento das mulheres; de baixo risco em 71,4 por cento; HPV de alto e baixo risco foram detectados em 55,1 por cento das pacientes. Múltiplos genótipos de HPV foram detectados em 64,8 por cento das pacientes; dois genótipos em 23,8 por cento, e três em 18,9 por cento. CONCLUSÃO: A prevalência do HPV foi alta entre mulheres infectadas pelo HIV. Múltiplos genótipos de HPV foram comuns em amostras da cérvice uterina destas mulheres.


Subject(s)
Adult , Female , Humans , Cervix Uteri/virology , HIV Infections/epidemiology , Papillomavirus Infections/epidemiology , Alphapapillomavirus/genetics , Brazil/epidemiology , DNA Probes, HPV , DNA, Viral/analysis , Genotype , HIV Infections/virology , Polymerase Chain Reaction , Prevalence , Papillomavirus Infections/virology , Risk Factors
3.
Femina ; 39(3)mar. 2011.
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-604872

ABSTRACT

O carcinoma de células escamosas do colo uterino é a segunda causa de morte por câncer em mulheres no mundo. No Brasil, também ocupa o segundo lugar. Desenvolve-se a partir de lesões pré-cancerosas (neoplasia intraepitelial cervical - NIC) e está relacionado com fatores de risco, como doenças sexualmente transmissíveis (DST), principalmente o papilomavírus humano (HPV); condições infecciosas e reativas locais; hábitos sexuais e tabagismo. As mulheres infectadas pelo vírus da imunodeficiência humana (HIV) apresentam maior risco de desenvolver NIC, com elevadas taxas de recidiva da lesão. Existe, ainda, maior prevalência do HPV e favorecimento de tipos oncogênicos nessas mulheres, consequente à imunodepressão. Atualmente, em todo o mundo, existem milhões de mulheres infectadas pelo HIV, representando cerca de 50% do total de indivíduos contaminados pelo vírus. O objetivo desta revisão consistiu em propor um protocolo de tratamento e seguimento de mulheres infectadas pelo HIV e portadoras de NIC. Foi realizada a revisão da literatura de estudos indexados em banco de dados, como Medline, PubMed e LILACS. Embora existam vários estudos sobre o tema, ainda não está definida a melhor forma de tratamento e seguimento dessas mulheres


The squamous cells carcinoma of the cervix uterine is the second cause of cancer mortality among women worldwide and the second most frequent cancer in Brazil. Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) is a precursor lesion for cervical cancer and other several known risk factors for CIN are sexually transmitted disease (STD), mainly human papillomavirus HPV; local infectious and reactive conditions; sexual habits and smoking. Women infected by human immunodeficiency virus HIV have significantly higher risk for CIN, and recurrent disease rates are higher too. It has been shown that HPV infection is most prevalent among HIV-infected women, infected with HPV types of high oncogenic risk consequent to immunodeficiency result. At present, there are millions of HIV-infected women worldwide, representing about 50% of total HIV infected individuals. The aim of this revision was to propose a protocol to treat and follow-up HIV-infected women with CIN. A review of the literature was performed in Medline, PubMed and LILACS. Although there are many studies about this subject, doubts concerning treatment and follow-up in these women still remain


Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Uterine Cervical Dysplasia , HIV Infections/complications , HIV Infections/immunology , HIV Infections/therapy , Papillomavirus Infections/epidemiology , Uterine Cervical Neoplasms/epidemiology , Uterine Cervical Neoplasms/etiology , Neoplasm Recurrence, Local , Prevalence , Risk Factors
4.
Femina ; 36(9): 573-583, set. 2008. tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-505751

ABSTRACT

A AIDS já vitimou milhares de pessoas desde a sua descoberta e a epidemia do HIV continua a propagar-se, atingindo especialmente as mulheres. Características do trato genital feminino, presença de DSTs e o pouco uso do condom tornam a mulher mais susceptível ao vírus. Neste contexto, existe a necessidade de desenvolver novos métodos preventivos, que possam ser controlados pela mulher. Os microbicidas são agentes de uso tópico que, auto-administrados, poderão diminuir o risco de transmissão sexual do HIV do homem para a mulher. Podem ser introduzidos na vagina ou no reto, antes do ato sexual. Ainda não foi encontrado um microbicida seguro e eficaz, porém, vários produtos estão em fase 3 de estudo nos países africanos. Os microbicidas possuem mecanismos de ação diversos: destruição do envelope viral; inibição da ligação do vírus à célula hospedeira; melhoria das defesas naturais vaginais; inibição dos receptores celulares de superfície para o HIV; inibição da transcriptase reversa. O primeiro microbicida testado, o Nonoxynol-9, causou danos à integridade da mucosa vaginal, aumentando o risco de infecção pelo HIV. No momento, existem pelo menos cinco produtos sendo testados na sua eficácia microbicida. Se algum produto ultrapassar a fase 3 sem produzir efeitos colaterais importantes, sua distribuição poderá modificar radicalmente o cenário atual da epidemia pelo HIV.


AIDS has killed thousands of people since its discovery and HIV epidemics have continued to spread, affecting above all women. Female genital tract characteristics, STDs presence, and low condom using, convert women more susceptible to the virus. In this context, it does exist the need to develop new protective methods that could be controlled by woman. Microbicides are topic use agents that could reduce the risk of sexual transmission of HIV from man to woman, when they are self administered. They could be introduced in vagina of rectum before the sexual intercourse. A safe and an efficacious microbicide have not been found yet, however, several products are in phase 3, in African countries. Microbicides have diferent mechanisms of action: viral envelope destruction; inhibiting of viral binding to the host cell; improvement of vagina self defenses; inhibiting of HIV surface cells receptors; inhibiting of reverse transcriptase. The first microbicide that was tested, the Nonoxynol-9, damaged vaginal mucosa integrity, increasing HIV-infection risk. At this moment, it does exist at least five products that are being tested in their microbicidal efficacy. If some product exceeds phase 3, without producing important adverse events, his distribution could extremely change the current scenery of HIV epidemics.


Subject(s)
Female , Administration, Intravaginal , Anti-Infective Agents, Local , Clinical Trials as Topic , Sexually Transmitted Diseases/prevention & control , HIV , HIV Infections/prevention & control , HIV Infections/transmission
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